Lektioner i overgangen
Q: Hvad har været de mest succesfulde metoder til at tiltrække direkte udenlandske investeringer: tilbyde potentielle investorer skat pauser og lignende ydelser, eller forbedre det overordnede investeringsklima af landet?
Empiriske undersøgelser har vist, at investorerne ikke lokkes af skattelettelser og monetære eller skattemæssige investeringsincitamenter. De vil drage fordel af eksisterende ordninger (og bede om mere, grubetæring ene land mod hinanden). Men det vil aldrig være de afgørende faktorer i deres beslutningstagning. De er meget mere tilbøjelige til at blive pÃ¥virket af niveauet for beskyttelse af ejendomsrettigheder, graden af korruption, Ã¥benhed, fysisk infrastruktur, uddannelse og kendskab til fremmedsprog og “mission kritiske kompetencer”, geografiske placering og nærhed til markeder og kultur og mentalitet.
Q: Hvad har været vellykket teknikker for lande at forbedre deres tidligere negative investeringer billede?
Politikere i landet skal ses at være gennemsigtigt, ikke haft fremme business, liberalisering og beskyttelse af ejendomsrettigheder af investorer. En fast, gennemsigtig (for eksempel via internationale udbud) privatisering; en sag hvor regeringen støttede en udlænding mod en lokal; en politiker alvorligt straffet for korruption og nepotisme; en frygtløs nyheder medium – ændre et lands image.
Sp.: skal der være restriktioner om hjemsendelse af udenlandske investeringskapital (sådanne begrænsninger kunne forhindre en investering panik, men på samme tid de indvirke negativt på investorernes tillid)?
Kort sigt og lang sigt kapitalstrømme er to forskellige fænomener med meget lidt tilfælles. Førstnævnte er spekulative og teknisk karakter og har meget lidt at gøre med grundlæggende realiteter. Sidstnævnte er investering orienteret og forpligtet sig til at øge velfærd og rigdom af sin nye bopæl. Det er derfor forkert at tale om “globale kapitalstrømme”. Investeringer (herunder selv lang sigt porteføljeinvesteringer og venturekapital) –, og der er spekulative, “hot” penge. Mens “hot money” er meget nyttigt som et smøremiddel pÃ¥ hjul af flydende kapitalmarkederne i rige lande – kan det være ødelæggende i mindre flydende, umodne økonomier eller lande med overgangsøkonomi.
De to fænomener bør indrømmes en forskellige behandling. Mens langsigtet kapitalstrømme bør være fuldstændig liberaliseret, opmuntret og velkommen – pÃ¥ kort sigt, bør “hot money” type kontrolleres og endda afskrækket. Indførelsen af skattemæssigt orienterede kapital kontrolelementer er (som Chile har implementeret) en mulighed. De mindre attraktive malaysiske model fjedre til at tænke. Det er mindre attraktivt, fordi det straffer bÃ¥de de kortsigtede og de langsigtede finansielle aktører. Men det er klart, at en vigtig og integreret del af den nye internationale finansielle arkitektur skal være kontrol af spekulative penge i stadig højere udbytter. Der er intet i sagens natur galt med høje udbytter – men kapitalmarkederne give udbytter tilsluttet økonomiske depression og pris kollapser gennem mekanismen for short-selling og gennem brugen af bestemte derivater. Dette aspekt skal neutered eller i det mindste imødegÃ¥s.
Q: hvilken tilgang har været mest nyttigt i bedste tjener mindre virksomheders behov: gennem private business støtte virksomheder, erhvervssammenslutninger, eller af statslige organer?
Det afhænger af hvor. I Israel (indtil begyndelsen af 90s), Sydkorea og Japan (indtil 1997) leveret – staten den nødvendige retning og støtte. I USA – opfandt private sektoren sine egne enormt succesfulde støttestrukturer (såsom fonde med risikovillig kapital). Den rigtige tilgang afhænger af de særlige kendetegn ved det pågældende land: hvordan entrepreneurielle er borgerne, hvordan adgang er kreditter og mikrokreditter til SMV, hvordan godartede er de konkurslovgivningen, (som altid afspejler en social ethos), hvor god er den fysisk infrastruktur, hvordan uddannede er dets borgere og så videre.
Q: Hvordan kan kollektive kampskridt problemer blandt mange og spredte små og mellemstore iværksættere bedste behandles?
Det er et mærkeligt spørgsmål at stille i en alder af cross-atlantiske transport, telekommunikation og edb-net (såsom internettet). Geografiske spredning er helt irrelevant. Problemet er i de divergerende egoisme af de forskellige aktører. Jo mere mange de er, de mere niche-orienteret, det mindre – den mindre den fællesnævner. Et bevis for denne opsplitning er den faldende effekt af karteller – fagforeninger, på den ene side og business trusts, monopoler og karteller, på den anden side. Spørgsmålet er ikke om dette kan løses, men hvorvidt det bør overvindes. Denne mangfoldighed af interesser er livsnerven i den moderne markedsøkonomi, som er baseret på konflikter og uenigheder, så meget som det er baseret på evnen til at i sidste ende kompromis og nå til enighed.
Hvad skal gøres centralt er public relations og uddannelse. Mennesker, politikere, store selskaber skal læres værdi og fordele for små virksomheder, iværksætterånd og Intraprenørskab. Og nye måder at støtte denne sektor skal udvikles hele tiden.
Sp.: Hvordan kan adgang af small business start-up kapital og andre ressourcer bedst fremmes?
De traditionelle banker over hele verden mislykkedes at opretholde balancegang mellem risiko og belønning. Resultatet var et mega Skift til kapitalmarkederne. Børser for handel med aktier i små og teknologivirksomheder sprang over hele verden (NASDAQ i USA, den tidligere USM i London, Neuemarkt i Tyskland og så videre). Investering og venturekapital midler blev den næstvigtigste kilde kvantitativt. De ikke kun finansieret spirende iværksættere, men også coachet dem og så dem gennem ulidelig og farlige forskning og udviklingsfaser.
Men disse er rige verden løsninger.
En vigtig udvikling er opfindelsen af “tredje verden løsninger” sÃ¥som mikrolÃ¥nene ydes til agrarian eller tekstil sektorer, primært til kvinder og involverer hele Fællesskabet.
Q: kvinder starter en tredjedel af nye virksomheder i regionen: nu kan dette bidrag til den økonomiske vækst være yderligere stimuleret?
Ved at give dem betingelser for arbejde og udøve deres iværksætterevner. Ved at etablere dagpleje centre for deres børn. Ved at yde mikrolån (kvinder har vist sig for at være umådelig pålidelige låntagere). Ved at give dem skattefradrag. Ved at tillade eller fremme flekstid eller deltid arbejde eller arbejde hjemmefra. Ved at anerkende hjemmet som domicil for virksomhed (især gennem passende skattelovgivningen). Af equalizing deres juridiske rettigheder og deres løn. Ved at beskytte dem mod seksuel eller køn chikane.
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